Abstract
Previous analyses of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) combined with the remediation of heavy metal pollution in soil have largely been performed under potting or greenhouse conditions, and in situ remediation experiments under field conditions have rarely been reported. In this study, the effects of the metal-resistant PGPB Microbacterium oxydans JYC17, Pseudomonas thivervalensis Y1-3-9, and Burkholderia cepacia J62 on soil Cu pollution under rape remediation were studied in the farmland surrounding the Nanjing Jiuhuashan copper mining region in China. Following inoculation treatment for 50 days, the biomasses of the rape inoculated with strains JYC17, Y1-3-9, and J62 increased, and the total amounts of Cu uptake increased by 113.38, 66.26, and 67.91%, respectively, the translocation factor (TF) of rape inoculated with J62 was 0.85, a significant increase of 70.68%, thus improving the Cu remediation efficiency of the rape. Y1-3-9 and J62 affected the bioavailability of Cu in the soil, and the water-soluble Cu contents were increased by 10.13 and 41.77%, respectively, compared with the control. The antioxidant activities in the rape leaves showed that the tested bacteria increased the contents of antioxidant non-enzymatic substances, including ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH), which were increased by 40.24–91.22% and 9.89–17.67%, respectively, thereby reducing the oxidative stress caused by heavy metals and the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxidase (POD). PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to analyze the effects of the tested bacteria on the cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent bacterial communities in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil of the rape. The sequencing results of the DGGE bands indicated that the tested bacteria colonized the endosphere and rhizosphere, and they became an important component of the cultivation-dependent bacteria. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the DGGE profile and similarity cluster analysis showed that the tested bacteria affected the cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent bacterial communities in the root endosphere and rhizosphere. In this experiment, the effects and mechanisms of the combined plant-microbe remediation under field conditions were preliminarily studied, and the results are expected to provide a theoretical basis for future combined remediation experiments.
Highlights
Due to mining and heavy metals from sewage irrigation, heavy metal-contaminated cultivated land accounts for approximately one-fifth of the total cultivated land in China
The total amounts of Cu enrichment in the roots of each rape plant inoculated with JYC17 and Y1-3-9 were 1193.90 and 727.02 μg plant−1, respectively, demonstrating 210.2 and 88.9% significantly higher enrichment compared with the control (P < 0.05)
The total amounts of Cu enrichment in the above-ground part of each rape plant inoculated with JYC17, Y1-3-9, and J62 were 1296.87, 1232.14, and 1696.69 μg plant−1, respectively, demonstrating increases of 63.4, 55.3, and 113.8% compared with the control value of 793.47 μg plant−1
Summary
Due to mining and heavy metals from sewage irrigation, heavy metal-contaminated cultivated land accounts for approximately one-fifth of the total cultivated land in China. Bacteria in soil can improve plant nutrition through phosphorus solubilization and nitrogen fixation and through the secretion of plant hormones [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), etc.], siderophores, and specific enzymes [1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, etc.], promoting the growth of remediation plants and the enrichment of heavy metals under stress as well as improving the heavy metal phytoremediation efficiency in soil. Due to their complementation ability, plantmicrobe-combined remediation is currently a research hotspot (Glick, 2003; Ma et al, 2016; Ashraf et al, 2017). An equal volume of sterile water was added
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