Abstract
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of phytochemically characterized extracts connected with the traditional use (infusions and ethanolic extracts) of different parts of Syringa vulgaris (common lilac) on the pro-inflammatory functions of neutrophils. Active compounds were isolated from the most promising extract(s) using bioassay-guided fractionation, and their activity and molecular mechanisms of action were determined.Methods: The extracts were characterized using a HPLC-DAD- MSn method. The effects on ROS, MMP-9, TNF-α, IL-8, and MCP-1 production by neutrophils were measured using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The effects on p38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK phosphorylation, and NF-kB p65 translocation were determined using western blots.Results: The major compounds detected in the extracts and infusions belong to structural groups, including caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and iridoids. All extracts and infusions were able to significantly reduce ROS and IL-8 production. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of the following secoiridoids: 2″-epiframeroside, oleonuezhenide, oleuropein, ligstroside, neooleuropein, hydroxyframoside, and framoside. Neooleuropein appeared to be the most active compound in the inhibition of cytokine production by attenuating the MAP kinase pathways.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that common lilac, which is a traditionally used medicinal plant in Europe, is a valuable source of active compounds, especially neooleuropein.
Highlights
The Oleaceae family encompasses 25 genera and ∼600 species
Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of the following secoiridoids: 2′′-epiframeroside, oleonuezhenide, oleuropein, ligstroside, neooleuropein, hydroxyframoside, and framoside
The present study demonstrated that common lilac, which is a traditionally used medicinal plant in Europe, is a valuable source of active compounds, especially neooleuropein
Summary
The Oleaceae family encompasses 25 genera and ∼600 species. Members of this family include trees, shrubs, or woody climbers with almost worldwide distribution from northern temperate to southern subtropical regions, with the exception of the Antarctic. In Central-Eastern Europe, only a few representatives of the Oleaceae family are found: Fraxinus exelsior L., Ligustrum vulgare L., Syringa vulgaris L., and Forsythia sp. In Poland, Bulgaria, Italy, and Greece, the flowers, leaves, bark, or fruits in the forms of infusions, decoctions, or alcoholic extracts were used as antipyretics and to treat cold, cough, etc. In North American materia medica (pharmacognosy) textbooks, the antipyretic use of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the common lilac was mentioned (Lyle, 1897; Remington and Woods, 1918), and native Americans used to chew the bark or leaves for treating a sore mouth (Moerman, 1998). Schneid. leaves) (Park et al, 1999; Takenaka et al, 2002; Machida et al, 2009; Su et al, 2016)
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