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Abstract
Essential hypertension is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. Epidemiological studies have shown that physical training can reduce blood pressure (BP), both in hypertensive and healthy individuals. Increasing evidence is emerging that DNA methylation is involved in alteration of the phenotype and of vascular function in response to environmental stimuli. We evaluated repetitive element and gene-specific DNA methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes of 68 volunteers, taken before (T0) and after (T1) a three-month intervention protocol of continuative aerobic physical exercise. DNA methylation was assessed by bisulfite-PCR and pyrosequencing. Comparing T0 and T1 measurements, we found an increase in oxygen consumption at peak of exercise (VO2peak) and a decrease in diastolic BP at rest. Exercise increased the levels of ALU and Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) repetitive elements methylation, and of Endothelin-1 (EDN1), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2), and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF) gene-specific methylation. VO2peak was positively associated with methylation of ALU, EDN1, NOS2, and TNF; systolic BP at rest was inversely associated with LINE-1, EDN1, and NOS2 methylation; diastolic BP was inversely associated with EDN1 and NOS2 methylation. Our findings suggest a possible role of DNA methylation for lowering systemic BP induced by the continuative aerobic physical training program.
Highlights
Essential hypertension (EH) is a major public health concern and the leading preventable cause of premature death in many countries, due to its high prevalence and its association with coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease, and other chronic disorders [1,2,3].The association between EH and cardiovascular disease is supported by several studies [4,5,6].Patients with blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg have a greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than those with blood pressures ≤ 120/80 mmHg [7,8].Int
When we considered a multivariate model adjusted for gender, age, body mass index, and smoking status, VO2peak was significantly associated to ALU methylation (β = 0.38, p = 0.004), EDN1 methylation (β = 0.93, p = 0.046), NOS2 methylation (β = 0.16, p = 0.009) and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF) (β = 0.14, p = 0.042)
We evaluated the effects of a continuative aerobic physical training on pressure parameters and on methylation levels of ALU and Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) repetitive elements and of six specific genes (NOS3, EDN1, NOS2, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TNF) measured on leukocyte DNA
Summary
Essential hypertension (EH) is a major public health concern and the leading preventable cause of premature death in many countries, due to its high prevalence and its association with coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease, and other chronic disorders [1,2,3].The association between EH and cardiovascular disease is supported by several studies [4,5,6].Patients with blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg have a greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than those with blood pressures ≤ 120/80 mmHg [7,8].Int. Essential hypertension (EH) is a major public health concern and the leading preventable cause of premature death in many countries, due to its high prevalence and its association with coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease, and other chronic disorders [1,2,3]. The association between EH and cardiovascular disease is supported by several studies [4,5,6]. Patients with blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg have a greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than those with blood pressures ≤ 120/80 mmHg [7,8]. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2530 ; doi:10.3390/ijerph16142530 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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