Abstract
The aging process is characterized by a series of molecular and cellular changes over the years that could culminate in the deterioration of physiological parameters important to keeping an organism alive and healthy. Physical exercise, defined as planned, structured and repetitive physical activity, has been an important force to alter physiology and brain development during the process of human beings' evolution. Among several aspects of aging, the aim of this review is to discuss the balance between two vital cellular processes such as autophagy and apoptosis, based on the fact that physical exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy seems to rescue the imbalance between autophagy and apoptosis during aging. Therefore, the effects of different types or modalities of physical exercise in humans and animals, and the benefits of each of them on aging, will be discussed as a possible preventive strategy against neuronal death.
Highlights
Diana Zukas Andreotti 1†, Josiane do Nascimento Silva 1†, Amanda Midori Matumoto 1†, Ana Maria Orellana 2†, Paloma Segura de Mello 2 and Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto 1*
Neurogenesis consists in the generation of new neurons from neural stem cells and progenitor cells that reside in germinal niches in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle [9]
These findings indicate that the conservation of cognitive function in older rats by exercise is associated with mitochondrial improvement in the hippocampus, and lysosomal degradation is required in this process, suggesting that exercise and lysosomal degradation may be effective in decreasing age-related cognitive decline [187]
Summary
The aging process is characterized by a series of molecular and cellular changes over the years that could culminate in the deterioration of physiological parameters important to keeping an organism alive and healthy This widespread loss of body function, or loss of fitness, is extremely variable and can result in increased individual vulnerability, the onset of various illnesses, and death [1, 2]. Physical Exercise and Aging other species, dentate gyrus (DG) proliferating progenitor cells and newborn neurons in humans decline during childhood without being detected in adult brain samples, suggesting a decline in neurogenesis during life [11]. In the face of such an interesting approach against age-related cognitive decline, the focus of this review is to present and discuss some cellular mechanisms by which different kinds of physical exercise can unleash possible benefits in the CNS in human and animal models
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