Abstract
Phorate is a toxic organophosphorus insecticide that has been associated with accidental wildlife poisonings. Because of concern for effects on waterfowl, we studied the effects of phorate on mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings in littoral mesocosms in South Dakota wetlands. In each of 3 wetlands, we constructed 4 mesocosms. One mesocosm was a control, and to the others we applied phorate at rates of 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 kg/ha, respectively. Phorate caused mortality to ducklings at all concentrations. Ducklings in control mesocosms (0.0 kg/ha) survived longer (P < 0.05) than those in treated mesocosms. Ten-day-old ducklings were more sensitive (P < 0.05) to phorate than were 21-day-old ducklings. Brain and blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity of treated ducklings was reduced (P < 0.01) compared with that of reference ducklings. Phorate concentrations in prairie wetlands can reduce duckling survival; therefore, alternatives to phorate should be considered.
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