Abstract
This contribution is intended to give an impression of various aspects of the effects of persistent pollutants on marine mammals with a special emphasis on the challenges and methods to confirm cause–effect relationships and biomarker reactions as well as to monitor contaminant levels and biological effects of persistent pollutants in marine mammals. The intention is not to present a comprehensive review with complete citation, but to establish an understanding of the context. Illustrating examples are primarily chosen from research and studies on seal species from the North and Baltic Sea.
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