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Abstract
Abstract. Authors. 2020. Effects of permeable barriers on total ecosystem carbon stocks of mangrove forests and abandoned ponds in Demak District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5298-5307. In this study, we observed the effects of constructing permeable barriers in the low-lying coastal zone and severely eroded coast of Demak District, Central Java, Indonesia in the context of mangrove forest structures and carbon (C) dynamics. Forest structures were characterized by stand density, basal area, and ecological indices. The dynamics of C, expressed as total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), were compared in mangrove forests, abandoned ponds, and productive ponds by estimating C pools from above- and belowground biomass, dead organic matter, and soil. We found that permeable barriers, whether or not protect mangroves, results in the similarity of above- and belowground C due to no considerable difference in basal area. By contrast, soil properties in terms of bulk density, N concentration, and C:N ratio statistically varied among sites. We discovered that changes in soil properties were associated with duration of permeable barriers, resulting in an increase of soil C in mangrove sites, i.e., 618.84±30.39 Mg C ha−1; 704.13±17.73 Mg C ha−1; and 759.88±15.26 Mg C ha−1 in 0-, 1-, and 4-year-old permeable barriers, respectively. Moreover, these barriers were proved not only could enrich soil C in mangroves but also provide a habitat for Avicennia sp. seedlings in the newly reclaimed coastline.
Highlights
Indonesia is home to 23% of the world’s mangrove forests (Giri et al 2010)
It is known that the ecological conditions of mangrove forests in Demak District were categorized as disturbed habitats (D = 0.59) with bad species diversity (H’ = 0.87)
This study found that mangrove forests protected by fouryear-old permeable barriers (MF4) had a semi-balanced species evenness level (J’ = 0.71), while other mangrove forests had a balanced level of species distribution (J = 0.83)
Summary
Indonesia is home to 23% of the world’s mangrove forests (Giri et al 2010). A previous study reported that mangrove forests could store approximately 3-5 times more organic carbon (C) than terrestrial forests in the tropics (Donato et al 2011). Researchers predict that relative sea-level rise contributes to the reduction of mangrove area in the Pacific Islands, and there will be a 12% average annual reduction of mangrove area in the future (Gilman et al 2006). To deal with these issues' impact, changes to the mangrove coastline in the Demak District, Central Java, Indonesia, were anticipated by constructing coastal barriers. Permeable barriers can trap Ccontaining sediment through soil C accumulation and lead to changes in mangrove structures and soil physicochemical properties. Field data that could provide information on the effects of permeable barriers on TECS is currently still limited (Morris et al 2019)
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