Abstract
Pendimethalin's herbicidal action lies in its inhibition of the steps in plant cell division responsible for chromosome separation and cell wall formation. Terrestrial studies show that 10–20% of the herbicide evaporates during the first weeks after application. The remainder may dissipate biologically or chemically. Half-maximal dissipation time, or half-life (DT 50) values vary from a few days to >200 days. Field and laboratory studies showed that reduced temperatures and drought prolong dissipation time to as long as 72–2094 days. In freshwater, pendimethalin concentrations reach 6 μg/L after runoff. In water the 10% lethal concentration (LC 10) for Daphnia was 6 μg/L when exposed via suspended food. The LC 50 was 78 μg/L. An invertebrate field study showed that soil nematodes were reduced by 35–60% at pendimethalin application rates of 0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively. After application, soil microbiota is affected by pendimethalin for ∼4 weeks. Plant– Rhizobium symbiosis is affected at application rates of 0.5–1.0 kg/ha.
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