Effects of Pea Protein on Satiety, Postprandial Glucose Response and Appetite Hormones: A Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of mortality with obesity being one of the greatest risk factors. Increased protein intake has been found to increase satiety, that could potentially aid in weight control. However, much of the research is elusive on the specifics of the effects of plant-based protein, specifically pea protein on satiety and responses linked to appetite. The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects of pea protein on satiety, postprandial glucose response and appetite. Methods: Studies of the existing literature were found, filtered, and analyzed from scientific databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science entering a combination of the keywords “pea protein”, “satiety”, and “postprandial response”. A total of 11 articles were analyzed to determine the relationship between pea protein consumption and postprandial response of satiety and appetite. Results: Pea protein consumption as a preload increased satiety and lowered food intake between 30 and 120 minutes after ingestion. Postprandial blood glucose was lowered and various appetite hormones increased at different time lapses. Discussion: Although the oral consumption of pea protein alone was seen to effectively induce satiety, other factors such as the addition of fibre, the method of administration, or rates of gastric emptying could significantly affect food intake. Conclusion: This literature review establishes a link between plant proteins and its benefits of feelings of satiety and appetite to promote incorporating more plant proteins in the diet. Future research should further investigate the link between postprandial responses and appetite hormones to identify benefits of pea protein for use in the food industry and increase public consumption of pea protein.