Abstract
Various devices have been developed to enable humans to control remote objects using active hand movements. However, it is still unclear how the visual characteristics of a synchronously moving object influences hand movements. This study investigates the effects of visual appearance and orientation of a hand-controlled object on hand movements using a novel visuomotor task. The motion of a visual image on a monitor reflected the participants’ right hand movements in the forwards-backwards direction, but not in the lateral direction (i.e., the lateral position of the image was fixed). Participants performed continuous goal-directed back and forth movements of the visual image for one minute. The image’s appearance (hand and arrow) and orientation (forward (FW), leftward (LW), and rightward (RW)) were manipulated. Unconscious lateral deviations (i.e., drift movements) of the participant’s hand during the task were evaluated. Regardless of appearance, the leftward and rightward image induced leftward and rightward drift movements, compared to the forward image. However, the modulation sizes were similar using arrow images, but not using hand images. Specifically, anatomically plausible hand images elicited greater drift movements than anatomically implausible images. This suggests that both orientation and appearance of a hand-controlled object influences hand movements according to stimulus-response compatibility and body-representation changes.
Highlights
Various devices have been developed to enable humans to control remote objects using active hand movements
A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine drift movements, with orientation and phase as within-participant factors. For both the arrow and hand image, the results demonstrated the main effects of orientation (arrow: F (2, 62) = 13.0, p < 0.001, η2 p =
The orientation strongly influenced the amount of drift movement; the leftward and rightward images induced significantly larger and smaller drift movements, respectively, than the forward images after phase 2
Summary
Various devices have been developed to enable humans to control remote objects (e.g., a computer cursor or robotic hand) using active hand movements. In this situation, hand movements influence the motion of an object. Based on the phenomenon of SR compatibility, it is predicted that when individuals move a remote object such as an arrow cursor toward a specific location using voluntary hand movements, an object in an orientation (i.e., implicit directional cue) that is incompatible with the hand movement direction
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