Abstract
Prohibition of Ot (organotin) compounds was introduced in Japan in 1997 and worldwide from September 2008. This meant that the production of paints containing TBT compounds was stopped and alternatives to the available Ot antifoulants had to be developed. It has been claimed that the degradation by-products of these alternative antifoulants were less toxic than those of Ot compounds. Since the introduction of the alternative antifoulants, the accumulation of these compounds has been reported in many countries. However, the toxicity of these compounds was still largely unreported. In this research, the toxicity of the alternative Ot antifoulants TPBP (triphenylborane pyridine) and TPBOA (triphenylborane octadecylamine) and their degradation products on Crassostea gigas and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were tested. The results showed that toxic effects in Crassostea gigas was higher for each antifouling biocide than that in Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Also, while the toxicity of the Organoboron antifoulants and the Ots were the same, the former’s degradation products were much less harmful.
Highlights
Organotin compounds (Ots), used for many years as antifouling biocides on ships, marine structures, and fishing nets, became a problem because of their toxicity and accumulation characteristics.The movement toward the global regulation of these compounds began in October 2001 when the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems (AFS Convention), which prohibited the use of Ots as active ingredients in antifouling agents for marine vessels
It was clear that Sea-Nine 211 was as toxic as organotin compounds to fertilized oyster eggs
Previous toxicity data of Ot alternative antifoulants on Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus could not be found, so the results of this research were compared with previously reported no observed-effect concentration (NOEC) data on Zinc pyrithione, Chlorothalonil and Sea-Nine 211 from the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus)
Summary
The movement toward the global regulation of these compounds began in October 2001 when the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems (AFS Convention), which prohibited the use of Ots as active ingredients in antifouling agents for marine vessels. This convention came into effect on 17 September, 2008. In Tsunemasa and Okamura [1], a toxicity evaluation method on fertilized oyster egg was developed, and the toxicity of organotin alternative antifoulants (Irgarol 1051, Diuron and Sea-Nine 211) and organotin compounds (TBT and TPT) was evaluated. It was clear that Sea-Nine 211 was as toxic as organotin compounds to fertilized oyster eggs
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