Effects of orexigenic peptides and leptin on melatonin secretion during different photoperiods in seasonal breeding ewes: An in vitro study

Abstract

The pineal gland (PG) acts as a neuroendocrine transducer of daily and seasonal time through the nocturnal release of melatonin. Here, we examined the interaction of season, orexin, ghrelin, and leptin on melatonin secretion by pineal explants in short-term culture. Glands were collected after sunset from 12 ewes during long days (LD; April and May) and from an additional 12 ewes during short days (SD; October and November). Glands were transected sagittally into strips, with each equilibrated in 2.5 mL of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 60 min, followed by a 2-h incubation in control medium or medium containing orexin B (10 and 100 ng/mL), ghrelin (10 and 100 ng/mL), or 50 ng/mL of leptin. After a 3-h incubation, some PG explants treated previously with lower doses of orexin or ghrelin were challenged with 50 ng/mL of leptin and those treated with both doses of orexin were challenged with 300 nM of the β-agonist isoproterenol. One milliliter of medium was harvested and replaced from each well every 30 min. Treatment with the low dose of orexin during LD increased melatonin secretion about 110% ( P < 0.01); treatment with a high dose increased melatonin secretion about 47% ( P < 0.001). During the SD period, leptin stimulated ( P < 0.05) melatonin secretion slightly compared with mean melatonin concentration in controls. However, together, orexin and leptin depressed ( P < 0.01) melatonin secretion. Both doses of ghrelin reduced ( P < 0.01) melatonin concentration during the SD season compared with control culture. Addition of ghrelin and leptin to culture medium increased ( P < 0.01) melatonin concentration compared with ghrelin-treated culture and decreased melatonin concentration ( P < 0.01) compared with leptin-treated culture during SD. Isoproterenol stimulated ( P < 0.01) melatonin secretion compared with values observed during the pretreatment period. We conclude that orexigenic peptides (orexin B and ghrelin) and an anorectic peptide (leptin) affect PG directly. The responses of PG to those hormones depend on day length. Moreover, secretion of melatonin from the ovine PG is under an adrenergic regulation.