Abstract
PurposeTo determine the effects of optically imposed astigmatism on early eye growth in chicks.Methods5-day-old (P5) White Leghorn chicks were randomly assigned to either wear, monocularly, a “high magnitude” (H: +4.00DS/-8.00DC) crossed-cylindrical lens oriented at one of four axes (45, 90, 135, and 180; n = 20 in each group), or were left untreated (controls; n = 8). Two additional groups wore a “low magnitude” (L: +2.00DS/−4.00DC) cylindrical lens orientated at either axis 90 or 180 (n = 20 and n = 18, respectively). Refractions were measured at P5 and after 7 days of treatment for all chicks (P12), whereas videokeratography and ex-vivo eyeshape analysis were performed at P12 for a subset of chicks in each group (n = 8).ResultsCompared to controls, chicks in the treatment groups developed significant amounts of refractive astigmatism (controls: 0.03±0.22DC; treatment groups: 1.34±0.22DC to 5.51±0.26DC, one-way ANOVAs, p≤0.05) with axes compensatory to those imposed by the cylindrical lenses. H cylindrical lenses induced more refractive astigmatism than L lenses (H90 vs. L90: 5.51±0.26D vs. 4.10±0.16D; H180 vs. L180: 2.84±0.44D vs. 1.34±0.22D, unpaired two-sample t-tests, both p≤0.01); and imposing with-the-rule (H90 and L90) and against-the-rule astigmatisms (H180 and L180) resulted in, respectively, steeper and flatter corneal shape. Both corneal and internal astigmatisms were moderately to strongly correlated with refractive astigmatisms (Pearson’s r: +0.61 to +0.94, all p≤0.001). In addition, the characteristics of astigmatism were significantly correlated with multiple eyeshape parameters at the posterior segments (Pearson’s r: -0.27 to +0.45, all p≤0.05).ConclusionsChicks showed compensatory ocular changes in response to the astigmatic magnitudes imposed in this study. The correlations of changes in refractive, corneal, and posterior eyeshape indicate the involvement of anterior and posterior ocular segments during the development of astigmatism.
Highlights
Astigmatism is a very common refractive error but its etiology remains elusive [1,2,3,4]
Chicks in the treatment groups developed significant amounts of refractive astigmatism with axes compensatory to those imposed by the cylindrical lenses
The characteristics of astigmatism were significantly correlated with multiple eyeshape parameters at the posterior segments (Pearson’s r: -0.27 to +0.45, all p0.05)
Summary
Astigmatism is a very common refractive error but its etiology remains elusive [1,2,3,4]. In American Indian, a population known to exhibit high prevalence of significant astigmatism [13,14,15], the prescription of spectacles correction even during early school years did not appear to improve visual functions to normal level [16]. These findings, together with asthenopia [17], tilted optic disc [18,19,20], and abnormal retinal electrophysiology frequently found in astigmats [21], spur the needs for understanding the etiology of astigmatism with new approach. Several factors including genes [22,23], ethnicity [8,24,25,26,27,28,29], nutrition [30], age [31,32], and spherical refractive errors (i.e., myopia and hyperopia) [33,34] have been associated with astigmatism in humans, the effect of environmental factor is still unclear
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