Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. NSAIDs generally work by blocking the production of prostaglandins (PGs) through the inhibition of two cyclooxygenase enzymes. PGs are key factors in many cellular processes, such as gastrointestinal cytoprotection, hemostasis and thrombosis, inflammation, renal hemodynamics, turnover of cartilage, and angiogenesis. Interest has grown in the various effects of NSAIDs during the last decade. Epidemiological studies have revealed the reduced risk of several cancer types and neurodegenerative diseases by prolonged use of NSAIDs. Recent advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of NSAIDs will accelerate the processes of discovery and clinical implementation. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of NSAIDs on the body systems.
Highlights
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prescribed drugs worldwide
It is released from the cell membrane by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is the overall rate-limiting step for eicosanoids
PLA2 isoforms can be stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon (IFN), and various growth factors, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphokinase C
Summary
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, which takes part in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX), is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs [2]. Arachidonic acid metabolism that is inhibited by NSAIDs regulates Rho/Rho kinase pathway directly [8].
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