Effects of nitrate on the saxitoxins biosynthesis revealed by sxt genes in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (group IV)

Abstract

The dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (group IV) is of particular interest because of its involvement in harmful algal blooms and production of saxitoxin (STX), which causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. The toxicity from STX and its analogues (STXs) is suspected to be affected by nitrogen (N) availability. However, the toxicity-associated behavior and STX-biosynthesis gene responses of the toxic A. pacificum under N fluctuations have not been sufficiently investigated. In the present study, we identified the sxtI gene involved in sxt biosynthesis pathway and evaluated the effects of nitrate (NO3−) on STXs production and the expression of four sxt core genes (sxtA4, sxtG, sxtB, and sxtI). Quantification of total STXs levels in the cultures under different NO3− regimes showed that NO3− concentration influenced STXs production. In addition, the proportion and concentration of STXs varied depending on the NO3− concentration. Core sxt transcript abundance was also influenced by available NO3− in a time-dependent manner. Expressional levels and patterns of sxtI were correlated with those of sxtA and sxtB. The relationship between the toxins and sxt responses in A. pacificum under various NO3− regimes suggests the direct involvement of N in the STXs biosynthesis pathway. Understanding this link would provide a tool to understand the toxin dynamics of dinoflagellates following N shifts in marine environments.