Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of fatiguing isometric contractions on maximal eccentric strength and electromechanical delay (EMD) of the knee flexors in healthy young adults of different training status.Methods: Seventy-five male participants (27.7 ± 5.0 years) were enrolled in this study and allocated to three experimental groups according to their training status: athletes (ATH, n = 25), physically active adults (ACT, n = 25), and sedentary participants (SED, n = 25). The fatigue protocol comprised intermittent isometric knee flexions (6-s contraction, 4-s rest) at 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction until failure. Pre- and post-fatigue, maximal eccentric knee flexor strength and EMDs of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles were assessed during maximal eccentric knee flexor actions at 60, 180, and 300°/s angular velocity. An analysis of covariance was computed with baseline (unfatigued) data included as a covariate.Results: Significant and large-sized main effects of group (p ≤ 0.017, 0.87 ≤ d ≤ 3.69) and/or angular velocity (p < 0.001, d = 1.81) were observed. Post hoc tests indicated that regardless of angular velocity, maximal eccentric knee flexor strength was lower and EMD was longer in SED compared with ATH and ACT (p ≤ 0.025, 0.76 ≤ d ≤ 1.82) and in ACT compared with ATH (p = ≤0.025, 0.76 ≤ d ≤ 1.82). Additionally, EMD at post-test was significantly longer at 300°/s compared with 60 and 180°/s (p < 0.001, 2.95 ≤ d ≤ 4.64) and at 180°/s compared with 60°/s (p < 0.001, d = 2.56), irrespective of training status.Conclusion: The main outcomes revealed significantly higher maximal eccentric strength and shorter eccentric EMDs of knee flexors in individuals with higher training status (i.e., athletes) following fatiguing exercises. Therefore, higher training status is associated with better neuromuscular functioning (i.e., strength, EMD) of the hamstring muscles in fatigued condition. Future longitudinal studies are needed to substantiate the clinical relevance of these findings.
Highlights
Electromechanical delay (EMD) represents the time delay between onset of myoelectric activity and the corresponding increase in force/torque (Zhou et al, 1995a)
Post hoc tests indicated higher maximal eccentric knee flexor strength at post-test in ATH compared with ACT and sedentary individuals (SED) and in ACT compared with SED (p ≤ 0.010, 0.80 ≤ d ≤ 1.17), irrespective of angular velocity
EMD at post-test was significantly longer in SED compared with ATH and ACT and in ACT compared with ATH (p ≤ 0.025, 0.76 ≤ d ≤ 1.82), irrespective of angular velocity
Summary
Electromechanical delay (EMD) represents the time delay between onset of myoelectric activity and the corresponding increase in force/torque (Zhou et al, 1995a). It has been shown that longer knee flexor EMD are associated with an increased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk (Conchola et al, 2013; De Ste Croix et al, 2015b). In this context, Hannah et al (2014) compared EMD of the knee flexors (biceps femoris, semitendinosus) with that of the knee extensors (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis) during maximal isometric knee flexions and extensions in untrained male participants. Given that ACL injuries experienced during sudden actions (e.g., cutting maneuvers, jump landings) are estimated to occur within 50 ms after ground contact (Krosshaug et al, 2007), authors concluded that the disbalance between knee flexor and extensor EMD may compromise knee stability, making it more vulnerable to ACL injuries (Hannah et al, 2014)
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