Abstract
Ischemia, theleadingcauseofstrokes, isknowntobedeeplyrelatedtosynapticplasticityandapoptosisintissuedamageduetoischemicconditionsortrau-ma(1). Therearetwokindsofcelldeath: necrosisandapoptosis. Necrosisisapassivedeaththatoccursinthecentralregionofbraindamagefollowingischemia. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) isactivatedwhenvariousenzymeswithinthecellnucleuscausedamagetoDNA, resultinginnecro-sis(2, 3). Italsoplaysaroleincelldifferentiationandgeneticexpression(4). PARPconservesDNAthroughaprocessinwhichADP-riboseispassedontohis-tonesandvariousothernucleonicproteins, includingitself(5). PARPusesNAD+ asasupplierofADP-ribose(6), andcelldeathoccurswhenPARPisover-activated, andATPandNAD+ areoverused, result-inginlossofenergy(7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).Continuousischemicconditionsinthebraincauselackofcollateralcirculation, resultingintheentirebrainsufferingacutecerebralinfarctandahighmortalityrate(13). Thiskindofpermanentdamagedoesnotoccuriftheischemiaistemporary(5-10minutes), andisfollowedimmediatelybyreperfu-sion; however, delayedneuronaldeath–lossofneu-ronsinspecificareassuchasthehippocampusorbasalgangliahasbeenobserved3-4 dayspostischemia(13, 14).Thepositiveeffectsofanorientalmedicineapproachinthetreatmentofdiseaseshavealreadybeenestablished. Orientalmedicineusesacombina-tionofpharmaceuticals,puncturetherapy,andphys-icalmethods(15).Thetreatmenteffectsofelectro-puncturevaryaccordingtostimuliconditions–thewavepatternandlengthofstimulationaffectacti-vationofserotoninneurons(16). Unlikeotherpunc-turemethods, electropuncturehastheadvantageofcontinuousstimulationaswellasallowingforobjec-tiveadjustmentoftheamountofstimulation given,making it an even more effective tool in the treat-ment of debilitating illnesses such as neural pain orparalysis(15).This study applied NEES to the joksamri and hapgok
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