Effects of Neem Flowers, Thai and Chinese Bitter Gourd Fruits and Sweet Basil Leaves on Hepatic Monooxygenases and Glutathione S-transferase Activities, and In Vitro Metabolic Activation of Chemical Carcinogens in Rats

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding of four vegetables commonly consumed in Thailand, namely, flowers of the neem tree ( Azadirachta indica var. siamensis), fruits of Thai and the Chinese bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia Linn.) and leaves of sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum Linn) on the levels of phase I enzymes, which include cytochrome P450 ( P450), aniline hydroxylase (ANH) and aminopyrine- N-demethylase (AMD) as well as the capacity to activate the mutagenicities of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) and benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP), and to induce the phase II enzymes [i.e. glutathione S-transferase (GST)] in rat liver. It was found that feeding of the diets containing 12.5% neem flowers and Thai bitter gourd fruits for 2 weeks strongly enhanced GST activity, 2.7- and 1.6- fold of the pair-fed control values, respectively, while resulting in a marked reduction of the levels of most phase I reactions. Fruits of the Chinese bitter gourd, which is in the same species as Thai bitter gourd, had no effect on GST activity but decreased AMD activity and the in vitro metabolic activation of AFB 1 and BaP. On the other hand, however, dietary sweet basil leaves caused a significant increase in the levels of both GST and all phase I enzymes. Results in the present study clearly demonstrate that neem flowers and Thai bitter gourd fruits contain monofunctional phase II enzyme inducers and compounds capable of repressing some monooxygenases, especially those involved in the metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens, while sweet basil leaves contain compounds, probably bifunctional inducers, capable of inducing both phase I and phase II enzymes and Chinese bitter gourd fruits contain only compounds capable of repressing some monooxygenases. These results therefore suggest that neem flowers and Thai bitter gourd fruits may possess chemopreventive potential, while those of Chinese bitter gourd fruits and sweet basil leaves are uncertain.