Effects of Nanoparticle Coating on the Adhesion of Emulsion Aggregation Toner Particles

Abstract

Toner is a key material for the xerographic printing and copying industry. Compared to conventional pulverized toner particles, emulsion aggregation (EA) toner particles could adhere more strongly to substrates and their property distributions are narrower because of their near-perfect spherical shape and higher surface free energy. However, in general, uncoated EA toner is more difficult to transfer and clean during printing/copying processes for the same reasons. Nanoparticle additives could be used as control agents to reduce the toner particle–substrate adhesion. In order to optimize their adhesion and handling performances, an accurate adhesion characterization of the toner particles coated with different levels of additives is required. In current study, two non-contact adhesion characterization techniques based on acoustic air-coupled excitation and ultrasonic base excitation are presented. Their use for the adhesion characterization of individual bare toner particles with an average diameter of 6.0 μm on silicon substrates, and their silica nanoparticle coated variants with a surface area coverage (SAC) of 50% is demonstrated. The techniques are based on the detection of the resonance frequencies of rocking motion of micro-spheres. The out-of-plane transient displacement responses of the rocking particles are captured by a laser interferometer, and the natural frequencies of particle rocking motion obtained from transient displacements at the top of particles and the substrate are related to the strength of the adhesion bond. It is reported that the work of adhesion values of the 50% SAC-coated toner on silicon substrates are almost an order of magnitude lower than those for the bare ones.