Abstract
Music therapy (MT) and music-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly used for the treatment of substance use disorders (SUD). Previous reviews on the efficacy of MT emphasized the dearth of research evidence for this topic, although various positive effects were identified. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search on published articles examining effects of music, MT and MBIs and found 34 quantitative and six qualitative studies. There was a clear increase in the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) during the past few years. We had planned for a meta-analysis, but due to the diversity of the quantitative studies, effect sizes were not computed. Beneficial effects of MT/ MBI on emotional and motivational outcomes, participation, locus of control, and perceived helpfulness were reported, but results were inconsistent across studies. Furthermore, many RCTs focused on effects of single sessions. No published longitudinal trials could be found. The analysis of the qualitative studies revealed four themes: emotional expression, group interaction, development of skills, and improvement of quality of life. Considering these issues for quantitative research, there is a need to examine social and health variables in future studies. In conclusion, due to the heterogeneity of the studies, the efficacy of MT/ MBI in SUD treatment still remains unclear.
Highlights
The misuse of legal and illegal substances is a significant problem in modern societies
The other records were excluded because (a) they were not written in English (n = 44), (b) did not include music therapy (MT)/ music-based interventions (MBIs) as single program or music presentation (MP) (n = 250), or (c) did not primarily focus on substance use disorders (SUD) (n = 39)
None of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found benefits of MT/ MBI compared to control group (CG)
Summary
The misuse of legal and illegal substances is a significant problem in modern societies. In the United States, the estimated 12-months prevalence rates for addictions in 2014 were 3.0% for alcohol and 1.9% for illicit drugs [1]. Use and misuse of alcohol and drugs are associated with a variety of health, social, and economic disadvantages for the users themselves and others (e.g., family, friends, community, environment, and country [2]). Treatment programs for patients with substance use disorders (SUD) include body detoxification, pharmaceutical, psychosocial, and psychotherapeutic treatment, and recovery management [3]. Only a minority of people with SUD, i.e., about 10%, receives such professional.
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