Abstract
BackgroundPrevious research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age. Some studies indicate that combined interventions may produce larger effects than each intervention alone. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined cognitive and physical training compared to cognitive training and physical training alone on executive control and memory functions in healthy older adults.ObjectivesThe main objectives of this four-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) are: to investigate the synergetic effects of a simultaneous, group-based multidomain training program that combines cognitive video-game training with physical exercise, in comparison to those produced by cognitive training combined with physical control activity, physical training combined with cognitive control activity, or a combination of both control activities; to investigate whether event-related potential latencies of the P2 component are shorter and N2 and P3b components assessed in a memory-based task switching task are enhanced after training; and to find out whether possible enhancements persist after a 3-month period without training.MethodsIn this randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, 144 participants will be randomly assigned to one of the four combinations of cognitive training and physical exercise. The cognitive component will be either video-game training (cognitive intervention, CI) or video games not specifically designed to train cognition (cognitive control, CC). The physical exercise component will either emphasize endurance, strength, and music–movement coordination (exercise intervention, EI) or stretching, toning, and relaxation (exercise control, EC).DiscussionThis RCT will investigate the short and long-term effects of multidomain training, compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory functions in healthy older adults, in comparison with the performance of an active control group.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03823183. Registered on 21 January 2019.
Highlights
Previous research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age
Neuroanatomical changes occurring in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe–hippocampus complex are associated with declines in executive functions, working memory, and episodic memory
The main objective of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to investigate the synergetic effects of a groupbased multidomain training program that combines cognitive video-game training with physical exercise, in comparison to those produced by cognitive training combined with physical control activity, physical training combined with cognitive control activity, or a combination of both control activities, on behavioral and electrophysiological measures of executive control and memory functions
Summary
Previous research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age. Neuroanatomical changes occurring in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe–hippocampus complex are associated with declines in executive functions, working memory, and episodic memory. The failure of these basic cognitive functions predicts upcoming difficulties with the performance of daily-living activities and compromises independent living [22]. Even in advanced age, the human brain preserves a certain degree of plasticity and functional reorganization, which allows people to adapt to agerelated cerebral changes in order to maintain successful task performance [23,24,25]. Evidence for the benefits of cognitive training, video games, and physical exercise is growing rapidly, as well as research directed at gaining a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their translation to clinical practice [34,35,36]
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