Abstract
Most neuroanatomical studies are based on T1-weighted MR images, whose intensity profiles are not solely determined by the tissue's longitudinal relaxation times (T1), but also affected by varying non-T1 contributions, hampering data reproducibility. In contrast, quantitative imaging using the MP2RAGE sequence, for example, allows direct characterization of the brain based on the tissue property of interest. Combined with 7 Tesla (7T) MRI, this offers unique opportunities to obtain robust high-resolution brain data characterized by a high reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity. However, specific MP2RAGE parameter choices – e.g., to emphasize intracortical myelin-dependent contrast variations – can substantially impact image quality and cortical analyses through remnants of B1+-related intensity variations, as illustrated in our previous work. To follow up on this: we (1) validate this protocol effect using a dataset acquired with a particularly B1+ insensitive set of MP2RAGE parameters combined with parallel transmission excitation; and (2) extend our analyses to evaluate the effects on hippocampal morphometry. The latter remained unexplored initially, but can provide important insights related to generalizability and reproducibility of neurodegenerative research using 7T MRI. We confirm that B1+ inhomogeneities have a considerably variable effect on cortical T1 estimates, as well as on hippocampal morphometry depending on the MP2RAGE setup. While T1 differed substantially across datasets initially, we show the inter-site T1 comparability improves after correcting for the spatially varying B1+ field using a separately acquired Sa2RAGE B1+ map. Finally, removal of B1+ residuals affects hippocampal volumetry and boundary definitions, particularly near structures characterized by strong intensity changes (e.g. cerebral spinal fluid). Taken together, we show that the choice of MP2RAGE parameters can impact T1 comparability across sites and present evidence that hippocampal segmentation results are modulated by B1+ inhomogeneities. This calls for careful (1) consideration of sequence parameters when setting acquisition protocols, as well as (2) acquisition of a B1+ map to correct MP2RAGE data for potential B1+ variations to allow comparison across datasets.
Highlights
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (7T) and its established increase in sensitivity and specificity allows characterization of the brain with a level of detail that cannot readily be obtained at lower field strengths (Uğurbil, 2018)
Standardization and harmonization of 7T MRI protocols are increasingly becoming appreciated by the neuroimaging field to allow utilization and generalization of protocols across studies, imaging sites and scanner vendors (Poldrack et al, 2017)
Inter-site comparison of cortical T1 and thickness Site-averaged cortical T1 and thickness data are displayed in Figure 3A and B, respectively
Summary
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (7T) and its established increase in sensitivity and specificity allows characterization of the brain with a level of detail that cannot readily be obtained at lower field strengths (Uğurbil, 2018). Standardization and harmonization of 7T MRI protocols are increasingly becoming appreciated by the neuroimaging field to allow utilization and generalization of protocols across studies, imaging sites and scanner vendors (Poldrack et al, 2017). Several nationwide (Clarke et al, 2019; Voelker et al, 2016) and international (Düzel et al, 2019) initiatives have embarked on such establishments indicating the importance of this issue. These consortia aim to set up standardized sequences across the main 7T MRI vendors to limit the long-known effects of hard- (e.g. coils and gradients) and software (e.g. imaging sequence implementations and reconstruction methods) differences on MRI analyses (Jovicich et al, 2009). Large population imaging studies, too expensive to cover by individual institutions, as well as those focusing on rare diseases, will benefit by allowing data pooling across multiple imaging sites
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