Abstract
BackgroundMuscle atrophy with aging is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and lifestyle-related diseases. In the present study, we assessed whether post-exercise milk product intake during 5-month interval walking training (IWT) enhanced the increase in thigh muscle strength and ameliorated susceptibility to inflammation in older women.MethodsSubjects [n = 37, 66±5 (standard deviation) yrs] who had been performing IWT for >6 months participated in this study. They were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: IWT alone (CNT, n = 12), IWT + low-dose post-exercise milk product intake (LD, n = 12; 4 g protein and 3 g carbohydrate) or IWT + a 3-times higher dose of milk product intake than the LD group (HD, n = 13). They were instructed to repeat ≥5 sets of fast and slow walking for 3 min each at ≥70% and 40% peak aerobic capacity for walking, respectively, per day for ≥4 days/week.ResultsAfter IWT, thigh muscle strength increased in the HD group (8±2%) more than in the CNT group (-2±3%, P = 0.022), despite similar IWT achievements between the groups (P>0.15). Pyrosequencing analysis using whole blood showed that methylation of NFKB1 and NFKB2, master genes of inflammation, was enhanced in the HD group (29±7% and 44±11%, respectively) more than in the CNT group (-20±6% and -10±6%, respectively; P<0.001). Moreover, the genome-wide DNA methylation analysis showed that several inflammation-related genes were hyper-methylated in the HD group compared with that in the CNT group, suggesting greater pro-inflammatory cytokine gene suppression in the HD group.ConclusionHD milk product intake after exercise produced a greater percent increase in thigh muscle strength and NFKB1 and NFKB2 gene methylation during IWT in physically active older women.Trial registrationUMIN-CTR No. UMIN000024544 and No. UMIN000024912
Highlights
It has been suggested that physical fitness deterioration mainly due to muscle atrophy with advanced aging is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and ageand lifestyle-related diseases (LSDs) [1,2,3,4,5]
After interval walking training (IWT), thigh muscle strength increased in the high-dose milk product intake (HD) group (8±2%) more than in the CNT group (-2±3%, P = 0.022), despite similar IWT achievements between the groups (P>0.15)
Because NFKB genes play a key role in inflammation [25] and are suggested to be inactivated through DNA methylation after ~6 months of IWT [12], we examined the effects of milk product intake during IWT on DNA methylation of the NFKB1 and NFKB2 genes
Summary
It has been suggested that physical fitness deterioration mainly due to muscle atrophy with advanced aging (sarcopenia) is closely associated with chronic systemic inflammation and ageand lifestyle-related diseases (LSDs) [1,2,3,4,5] To prevent such deterioration, exercise training and/or nutritional supplementation has been recommended for middle-aged and older people [6, 7]; no broadly available regimens have been established. : thigh muscle strength and peak aerobic capacity for walking (VO2peak) by ~10% in middleaged and older people [8, 11], which was accompanied by improved LSD symptoms by ~20% [8, 11] and increased DNA methylation (inactivation) of the NFKB2 gene, one of the master pro-inflammatory response genes [12] These findings suggest that IWT ameliorates susceptibility to inflammation with increasing physical fitness in middle-aged and older people. We assessed whether post-exercise milk product intake during 5-month interval walking training (IWT) enhanced the increase in thigh muscle strength and ameliorated susceptibility to inflammation in older women.
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