Effects of Micro-Scale Environmental Factors on the Quantity of Questing Black-Legged Ticks in Suburban New York

Abstract

The questing behaviors of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) are largely regulated by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation. While this relationship is relatively clear at the macro- and meso-spatial scales, it is inadequately examined at the micro scale. Our field work in the New York City suburbs during 2017–2018 revealed significant local variations in the quantity of questing blacklegged ticks. The purpose of this study is to identify and test the environmental factors that impact the number of questing blacklegged ticks at the micro-spatial scale. In addition to the number of ticks, surface temperature, and relative humidity data collected in the field, geospatial technologies were leveraged to extract micro-scale spatial and environmental measures, including vegetation index, land cover, elevation, and ecotone, from high-resolution digital imagery and LiDAR data. Regression models were then built to identify the key factors that influence the spatiotemporal patterns of questing blacklegged ticks. The results largely align with the existing research but display characteristics of complexity such as multicollinearity, nonlinearity, and thresholds in relation to temperature, humidity, and vegetation composition at the micro scale, whereas mixed hardwood and dwarf shrubs tend to have higher numbers of questing ticks.