Abstract
There are several crucial fermentation parameters including carbon source, temperature, pH medium and agitation speed used to elucidate and optimise the production of xylanase in submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SsF). These parameters are determined by the types of microorganism that yield xylanase. Precisely, suitable parameters allow the proper proliferation of microorganisms to produce high concentration of xylanase. Carbon source provides prerequisite nutrients for growth of microorganisms in SmF and SsF. In order to enhance the xylanase production, cheap but effective carbon source such as agricultural extracts is generally added to supply as the prime nutrient. SsF has become a known interest to produce xylanase because of its economical process of using agricultural extracts. Thus, lower cost production of xylanase is easily achieved. Therefore, proper optimisation of fermentation parameters would able to produce the desirable xylanase at the maximum level. Additionally, optimum pH medium and temperature possess huge positive impact on the growth of microorganisms and xylanase production. Indeed, optimal pH and temperature in agitated culture show greater xylanase activity compared to non-agitated culture. Nonetheless, further increase of the optimum agitation speed would cause irregular morphology of microorganisms that ultimately lead to xylanase interference. In the present day, the demand for xylanase is rising because of its remarkable usages in vast industries. The foremost industrial application of xylanase is involved in chlorine-free bleaching process in pulp and paper industry whereby xylanase is added into the pulp to degrade xylan found within the lignin residuals. Increasing applications of xylanase in various industries have developed xylanase to become more valuable. As a result, there are continuously endeavors to transform xylanase industry into a profitable market with lower costs of production using different types of agricultural extracts at the optimal growth conditions. All these aspects are reviewed in this article.
Highlights
Xylanase is inducible enzyme which responsible for the complete hydrolysis of xylan into simpler compounds, mainly xylose [1].Xylanase is genetically single chain glycoproteins with molecular weight of 6 to 80 kDa
In a study established by Palma et al [161], a low xylanase activity was obtained due to shear stress occurred at higher agitation speed of 400 per minute during the growth of fungi Penicillium janthinellum that isolated from decaying wood
Agricultural extracts or lignocellulosic materials are commonly utilised as carbon source in medium formulation because they are plenteous in nature, low in cost with high level of carbohydrate content which are suitable to encourage production of xylanase by various microorganisms especially Aspergillus and Bacillus spp
Summary
A few studies on the optimisation of medium formulation for the maximum microbial xylanase production have been conducted. The application of agricultural wastes as the carbon source for the industrial xylanase production are scarce and not comprehensively studied, compared and reported in submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SsF). Non-toxic and cost-effective carbon source to yield xylanase, the replacement of xylan as the substrate with agricultural extracts in SmF and SsF is of great interest in industrial production. The lack of precise information of the optimum growth conditions on the microbial xylanase production in SmF and SsF lead to the vast studies over the past few years.
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