Abstract
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts play a major role in bone tissue homeostasis. The homeostasis and integrity of bone tissue are maintained by ensuring a balance between osteoclastic and osteogenic activities. The remodeling of bone tissue is a continuous ongoing process. Osteoclasts mainly play a role in bone resorption, whereas osteoblasts are mainly involved in bone remodeling processes, such as bone cell formation, mineralization, and secretion. These cell types balance and restrict each other to maintain bone tissue metabolism. Bone tissue is very sensitive to mechanical stress stimulation. Unloading and loading of mechanical stress are closely related to the differentiation and formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption function as well as the differentiation and formation of osteoblasts and bone formation function. Consequently, mechanical stress exerts an important influence on the bone microenvironment and bone metabolism. This review focuses on the effects of different forms of mechanical stress stimulation (including gravity, continuously compressive pressure, tensile strain, and fluid shear stress) on osteoclast and osteoblast function and expression mechanism. This article highlights the involvement of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in activating different mechanical transduction pathways and reports changings in their differentiation, formation, and functional mechanism induced by the application of different types of mechanical stress to bone tissue. This review could provide new ideas for further microscopic studies of bone health, disease, and tissue damage reconstruction.
Highlights
Mechanical forces affect almost every sphere of various life processes of living organisms, such as the perception of external hearing and touch, fluid flow and deformation during embryonic development, changes in cell osmotic pressure, pressure on blood vessel walls, and the movement of individual animals regulated by the earth’s gravitational environment
Primary cilia is widely found in osteocytes, MC3T3-E1 cells, murine long bone osteocyte-Y4 (MLO-Y4) osteoid cells, cranial osteoblasts, and Human MSCs (hMSCs), and it is an important mechanoreceptor that responds to mechanical stimulation and coordinated load induction in these cells (Xiao et al, 2006; Malone et al, 2007; Hoey et al, 2012)
The results showed that bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), intranuclear SMAD family member 1 (SMAD1) phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were increased in the traction region, and the osteogenic effect was significantly increased
Summary
Mechanical forces affect almost every sphere of various life processes of living organisms, such as the perception of external hearing and touch, fluid flow and deformation during embryonic development, changes in cell osmotic pressure, pressure on blood vessel walls, and the movement of individual animals regulated by the earth’s gravitational environment. Previous studies have shown that appropriate mechanical stress stimulation can reduce the number and activity of osteoclasts and inhibit bone resorption, promote the differentiation and osteogenic function of osteoblasts, inhibit the differentiation of BMSCs into adipocytes, and prevent the loss of bone mass (Uzbekov et al, 2012). This effect critically influences the regulation of bone metabolism signaling pathways (Uzbekov et al, 2012; Kameyama et al, 2013). We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the microscopic study of bone health, diseases, and injury reconstruction
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