Abstract
The anionic reactivity strongly depends on the interaction of the reactive anionic species with the opposite cation. This interaction is weakened when the cation (Li +, Na +, K +) is complexed by a poly-ether of the ‘crown’ type or by a cryptand. These ligands contain two- or three-dimensional cavities in which the cation is localized. Then, the size of the cationic species is enlarged and the distance between the two ions is increased. The strength of the interionic interaction can also be lessened by substituting a small alkali cation by a bulky quaternary ‘onium’ cation (NR + 4, PR + 4). Some cases of anionic activation are described in homogeneous solution or in liquid—liquid and solid—liquid heterogeneous media. The effects of crown ethers, cryptands and ammonium salts are compared.
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