Abstract
Recently, increasing numbers of researchers are becoming interested in 3D bioprinting because it provides customizability and structural complexity, which is difficult for traditional subtractive manufacturing to achieve. One of the most critical factors in bioprinting is the material. Depending on the bio-applications, materials should be bio-inert or bio-active, non-toxic, and along with those characteristics, mechanical properties should also meet the applicational or manufacturing requirement. As previously validated for bioprinting, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel is focused on the printability and release control test in this study. With a differentiated weight percentage of CMC hydrogels were used to 3D print capsules filled with food degradable colorant at designated voids to mimic capsules manufactured for oral delivery. Standard USP (United States Pharmacopeia) dissolution apparatus II (Paddle) evaluations were performed both on lyophilized and non-lyophilized printed capsules. The first-order model was selected due to high linear fitting regression. Upon 24 h dissolution, non-lyophilized capsules showed a different release efficiency when the CMC percentage varied, while lyophilized capsules showed no significant difference. This study signifies the possibility of customizing oral drug delivery by printing capsules with CMC hydrogel. The improved delivery efficiency demonstrated by capsules with post-process lyophilizing proposed potential optimization options for pharmaceutical manufacturing industries.
Highlights
CAD objects in a layer-by-layer buildup subsequence
This study demonstrated the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous hydrogel with lyophilization post-processing
The samples were successfully 3D printed without deformation
Summary
CAD (computer-aided design) objects in a layer-by-layer buildup subsequence. the (NPJ) and material jetting (MJ)), powder bed fusion (including selective laser sintering (SLS), and selective laser melting (SLM)), directed energy deposition (DED) and material extrusion (ME) or semi-solid extrusion (SSE) are four major branches made up of FDM (fused deposition modeling), inkjet, and polyjet printing methods are commonly used in the bioprinting field [8,9].biopolymers have the largest applications because of their properties. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is the most abundant native polymer on the earth, a renewable resource. CMC can form an aqueous hydrogel below 37 ◦ C [16]; its properties brought tremendous interest to researchers for carboxymethyl cellulose hybrid hydrogel for soft tissue and organ regeneration with three different compositions by 50-layer height in complex structures without support materials or any post-processing. Calcagnile et al composited polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and CMC to improve its hybrid hydrogel tactile properties and simulated the slimy effect of organic in the human body [19]. Pasqui et al researched bone tissue scaffolds using hydroxyapatite–CMC hybrid hydrogel [10]. Ahlfeld et al investigated the printing fidelity of alginate–CMC hybrid hydrogel as well with two different concentrations
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
