Effects of long‐term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral Epstein–Barr virus

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-infected subjects compared to non-HIV controls and (ii) the effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the prevalence of oral EBV. A cross-sectional study was performed in HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and non-HIV individuals. DNA in saliva samples was extracted and used as a template to detect EBV BamH1W and EBNA1 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student t-test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. Forty-nine HIV-infected subjects: 37 on ART (age range 23-54 year, mean 37 year), 12 not on ART (age range 20-40 year, mean 31 year), and 20 non-HIV controls (age range 19-53 year, mean 31 year) were enrolled. The numbers of EBV BamH1W in saliva were found to be significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV controls (80% vs. 20%, mean = 12118 vs. 134 copies/10(5) cells, P < 0.001). HIV-infected subjects who were on ART had significantly lower numbers of EBV BamH1W than those who were not (mean = 4102 vs. 138613 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.011). The numbers were significantly lower in those who received long-term ART compared with short-term (mean = 1401 vs. 11124 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.034). No significant difference was observed between the groups when using EBNA1 primers. Prevalence of oral EBV was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV-controls. The numbers of the virus were significantly decreased by ART. Long-term use of ART did not increase oral EBV.