Effects of long-term CO 2 and temperature elevation on crown nitrogen distribution and daily photosynthetic performance of Scots pine

Abstract

Single Scots pines ( Pinus sylvestris L.), aged 20–25 years, were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to elevated temperature (Elev. T), elevated CO 2 (Elev. C) and a combination of elevated CO 2 and temperature (Elev. C + T) for 4 years. The vertical distribution of needle nitrogen concentration was measured simultaneously with gas exchange of attached shoots. Based on the measurements, the dependencies on needle nitrogen concentrations of four photosynthetic parameters, i.e., RuP 2 (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate)-saturated rate of carboxylation ( V cmax), maximum potential electron transport ( J max), the rate of respiration in the light ( R d) and light-use-efficiency factor (δ), were determined. Using a crown multilayer model, the performance of daily crown photosynthesis in Scots pine was predicted. Compared to the control treatment, the mean concentration of nitrogen in the foliage decreased by 20% and by 17% for trees grown under Elev. C and under Elev. C + T, respectively, but increased by 4% for trees grown under Elev. T. However, the total content of foliage nitrogen per unit ground area increased by 25% for trees grown under Elev. C, by 19% for trees grown under Elev. C + T and by 6% for trees grown under Elev. T; these were due to the increase in the total needle area index. Regressions showed that the foliage grown under Elev. C and Elev. C + T had steeper slopes representing the responses of V cmax, R d and δ to leaf nitrogen concentrations, while Elev. C + T and Elev. T had steeper slopes representing the response of J max to needle nitrogen concentrations. Predictions showed that, on a typical sunny day, the daily total of crown photosynthesis increased 22% and 27%, separately for Elev. C and Elev. C + T, and by only 9% for Elev. T alone. Furthermore, the increased daily crown photosynthesis, resulting from treatments involving elevated CO 2, can be attributed mainly to an increase in the ambient CO 2 concentration and the needle area index, while modification of the intrinsic photosynthetic capacity had only a marginal effect. Based on the current pattern of crown nitrogen allocation, the prediction showed also that the relationship between daily crown photosynthesis and crown nitrogen content was strongly dependent on the daily incident PAR and air temperature. The CO 2-elevated treatments led to an increase in the sensitivity of daily crown photosynthesis to changes in crown nitrogen content, daily incident PAR and temperature, while the temperature-elevated treatment had the opposite effect on the sensitivity.