Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of three timber logging techniques (skyline, tractor and manpower) on some physical properties of Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) forest soil. Permeability, moisture, water holding capacity, bulk density, fine and coarse soil and soil texture (sand, silt and clay) at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) were determined at the loading, unloading, skid road, under skyline and undisturbed plots. The results show that in the region machine passes and manpower can have an important influence on soil permeability, bulk density and the soil water balance, and may therefore considerably affect soil organisms, root development, nutrient and water uptake and in turn lead to reduced Oriental spruce tree growth. Keywords: Logging, Oriental spruce, Soil damage
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