Abstract
An evolutionary model of adaptive agents called ‘ECHO’ was proposed by John Holland. ECHO is a first step toward mathematical theory in the field of complex adaptive systems. Researchers in numerous disciplines have used the existing ECHO simulation both to model and to explain complex system behaviors. This paper describes the effects of limited resources in a 3D simulation of an extended Holland ECHO model. In this simulation, adaptive agents move about the ECHO terrain and interact with other agents in real-time. Adaptive agents are bred using a genetic algorithm. The model’s environment contains limited resources, represented as symbols. Elaborate relationships are developed by the agents to utilize resources through both competition and cooperation. Researchers have a better tool by which to identify and explain complex adaptive system behavior by observing the emergence of complexity first hand.
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