Effects of lead and cadmium in physical growth in a cohort of children 0-2 years of age in Cali-Colombia

Abstract

Background: Exposure to heavy metals during fetal development is one determinant of perinatal and child health. In Cali, in a follow-up study in pregnant women (Cohort "GEMA") we have documented women prenatal exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and effects in fetal growth and low birth weight. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the exposure of infants of the cohort, to assess their effects on physical growth at two years and occurrence of interactions between prenatal and postnatal exposures. Methods: In a cohort study of pregnant women, we measured Pb and Cd in whole blood during first and third trimesters, and measured umbilical cord blood at delivery in 162 newborns. Follow-up included: surveys to characterize risk behaviours and habits of mothers, their partners and children. Finally, we measured weight and height of children every 12 months. Results: At first trimester, maternal lead and cadmium medians were 1.10 (0.00-16.1), and 0.20ug/dl (0.01-4.2), correspondingly; while at third trimester, were 0.94(0.00-27.95) and 0.14ug/l(0.01-7.08). At birth, lead median in umbilical cord blood was 1.6ug/dl((<DL-12.6) while cadmium was 0.30ug/l(<DL-2.79). Maternal blood lead concentrations were predictors of lead levels in umbilical cord blood. Additionally, para-occupational exposures during prenatal stage were predictors of lead and cadmium levels in umbilical cord blood (p<0,05). An increase in umbilical cord blood lead (1 ug/dl) was associated with a 123,1 g decrease in weight (p<0.06) in children. Conclusions: Infants of mothers para-occupacionally exposed in Cali are exposed to heavy metals. Our results suggest that lead exposure affect children early physical growth.