Effects of ischemia on pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract

Background. Pulmonary hypertension and lung injury secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are probably caused by a combination of ischemia and inflammation. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential ischemic effects of cessation of pulmonary arterial flow during CPB on pulmonary injury. Methods. Twenty neonatal piglets (2.5 to 3.1 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A (n = 10) underwent 90 minutes of CPB at full flow (100 mL · kg −1 · min −1) and clamping of the main pulmonary artery (PA). Group B (n = 10) underwent 90 minutes of partial CPB (66 mL · kg −1 · min −1) with continued mechanical ventilation and without clamping of the PA. All hearts were instrumented with micromanometers and a PA ultrasonic flow probe. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring endothelial-dependent relaxation (measured by change in pulmonary vascular resistance after PA infusion of acetylcholine) and endothelial-independent relaxation (measured by change in pulmonary vascular resistance after ventilator infusion of nitric oxide and PA infusion of sodium nitroprusside). Results. All groups exhibited signs of pulmonary injury after CPB as evidenced by significantly increased pulmonary vascular resistance, increased alveolar–arterial O 2 gradients, and decreased pulmonary compliance ( p < 0.05); however, pulmonary injury was significantly worse in group A ( p < 0.05). Conclusions. This study suggests that although exposure to CPB alone is enough to cause pulmonary injury, cessation of PA flow during CPB contributes significantly to this pulmonary dysfunction.