Effects of intrauterine crowding on available uterine space per fetus in rabbits

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of uterine crowding on available uterine space per fetus and fetal development at 18 days of gestation in unilaterally ovariectomized and intact does from the sixth generation of a divergent selection experiment on uterine capacity. Uterine capacity was estimated as litter size in unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) does. Records from 37 ULO and 26 intact does were used. All does were slaughtered on d 18 of gestation. Ovulation rate per side in ULO does was almost twice as much as intact does (12.41 ova vs. 6.47 ova, P < 0.001). ULO does showed higher intrauterine crowding at implantation than intact does (9.36 implanted embryos/uterine horn vs. 5.31 implanted embryos/uterine horn, P < 0.001) and a lower available uterine space per live fetus (3.60 cm vs. 4.44 cm, P < 0.001). The available uterine space per embryo decreased quadratically with the number of implanted embryos ( b 1 = − 2.46 ± 0.18, b 2 = 0.13 ± 0.01), and showed a negative linear regression coefficient with number of dead fetuses (− 0.18 ± 0.08). The available uterine space affects quadratically the development of the maternal placenta, and to a lesser extent is linearly related to the development of the fetus and its fetal placenta. The coefficients of these regressions were higher in ULO does than intact does, due to the higher degree of uterine overcrowding in these females. Although the fetal position within the uterus did not affect the proportion of dead embryos, the uterine position could affect the survival of fetuses with a lower available uterine space. A poor blood supply had a negative effect on survival of the fetus and its development. Probability of death for fetuses with placenta receiving less than 3 blood vessels was higher than those receiving more than 3 blood vessels in both ULO and intact does (75.61% vs. 7.32%). Probability of survival asymptotically increases with available uterine space, as a result of the greater availability of uterine space which allows more blood vessels to reach each implantation site. The uterine overcrowding of ULO does was therefore associated with less uterine space and blood supply available at each implantation site, which could be related to higher fetal mortality in these females. Blood supply also affects fetal development. The implantation sites receiving less than 3 blood vessels showed lighter placentas (1.31 g vs. 1.41 g, P < 0.05) and fetuses (2.02 g vs. 2.12 g, P < 0.05) than those receiving more than 3 blood vessels in both ULO and intact does. These results suggest that available uterine space is a limitation component of fetal survival, which is related to an adequate vascular supply for nutrient exchange from the maternal to fetal blood streams and an adequate surface area for development of the placenta.