Abstract
Abstract Pesticide mixtures are commonly used to reduce production costs in agriculture. However, the consequences of such practice towards target organisms are still unknown in most cases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of combinations of insecticides and one worldwide used acaricide on the control of Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid). All insecticides alone (lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam, phosmet, and imidacloprid) and in combination with spirodiclofen were efficient in controlling D. citri (> 80%). No significant effects were found for combinations of lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam and phosmet insecticides with spirodiclofen. Conversely, imidacloprid caused an antagonistic effect on the control of D. citri when mixed with the acaricide. After all, spirodiclofen had no effect on the pH and electrical conductivity of insecticidal spray solutions. Spirodiclofen mixtures with lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam and phosmet had no effect on D. citri control, but combinations with imidacloprid interfered with it.
Highlights
Materials and methodsThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae), has become one of the main citrus pests worldwide, especially for being a vector of the bacterial disease Huanglongbing (HLB) (HALBERT and MANJUNATH, 2004)
Diaphorina citri adults and nymphs can transmit the causal agent of HLB, which is a group of bacteria belonging to the genus Candidatus Liberibacter (XU et al, 1988; PELZ-STELINSKI et al, 2010)
The results obtained in both experiments (A and B) were similar (F = 4.49; p = 0.08), which enabled evaluating the effects of combinations between the acaricide and each insecticide on D. citri control efficiency (Figures 1 and 2)
Summary
Materials and methodsThe Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae), has become one of the main citrus pests worldwide, especially for being a vector of the bacterial disease Huanglongbing (HLB) (HALBERT and MANJUNATH, 2004). After detection in 2004, the control costs of the Brazilian citrus industry have increased significantly, mainly regarding HLB monitoring, eradication of symptomatic plants, and insecticide sprays (TANSEY et al, 2015). Such costs have raised from 12 to 40% of the total costs for citrus production in Brazil (BELASQUE Jr. et al, 2010). New alternatives have been demanded to maintain the economic viability of citrus crops One of these alternatives consists of using spray tank mixtures, as long as several other pests may occur concomitantly. Notwithstanding the benefits, tank mixtures may imply numerous adverse effects, such as interferences with physicochemical stability and efficiency of chemicals (REFFSTRUP et al, 2010)
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