Effects of 'Inhaling' and 'Exhaling' of buildings in three-dimensional built environment on Land Surface Temperature

Abstract

As growing urbanization and land becomes scarcer, vertical architectural development is intensifying the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) urban landscape, thereby exacerbating the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. In contrast to the existing literature that has primarily focused on the 'Inhaling' heat from buildings based on their 3D morphological characteristics through absorbing solar radiation heat and influencing heat exchanges, this research endeavors to shed light on the 'Exhaling' heat from buildings through active heat emissions. This paper aims to investigate the 'Inhaling' and 'Exhaling' effects, as well as their interactive effects based on the 3D morphological characteristics of buildings on Land Surface Temperature (LST), considering various spatial scales and seasonal variations. The results demonstrate that buildings' 'Inhaling' significantly affects LST year-round, while 'Exhaling' primarily influences LST during the winter and spring. The influence of the building's 'Exhaling' effect on LST is more pronounced at smaller spatial scales, gradually diminishing as the spatial scale increases. Furthermore, the 'Inhaling' effect of buildings characterized by average building height and building density, moderates the effect of buildings 'Exhaling' from heavy industry on LST. This study underscores the need to consider the interplay between passive and active heat processes in vertical urbanization for UHI mitigation.