Effects of hypoxia on the respiratory and metabolic responses to progressive cooling in newborn rodents that range in heterothermic expression.

Abstract

What is the central question of this study? Adult homeotherms and heterotherms differ in cold and hypoxia tolerance and in how they match O2 supply and demand in response to these stressors. It has never been ascertained whether these differences reflect different developmental trajectories or whether they are already present at birth. What is the main finding and its importance? When exposed to cold and hypoxia, newborn rodents differed in how they matched O2 supply and demand, with responses reflecting the degree of heterothermic expression and tolerance. Our findings indicate that elements of the adult phenotype are already present at birth. There are physiological differences in how adult rodents regulate O2 supply and O2 demand when exposed to hypoxia in the cold. We examined whether these differences reflect divergent developmental trajectories of homeotherms and heterotherms or whether the differences are already present at birth. We exposed newborn rodents (0-4 days old) that ranged in heterothermic expression [a homeotherm, the rat (Rattus norvegicus); two facultative heterotherms, the mouse (Mus musculus) and the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus); and an obligate heterotherm, the ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus)] to either normoxia (21% O2 ) or hypoxia (7% O2 ) and measured their metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory responses while progressively reducing the ambient temperature from 33 to 15°C. All newborns reduced their body temperature, O2 consumption rate and ventilation during progressive cooling, both in normoxia and in hypoxia. When progressively cooled in hypoxia, however, the homeothermic rats exhibited the greatest thermogenic response, depressed their O2 consumption rate the least and increased ventilation the most. In contrast, the obligate heterotherm, the ground squirrel, did not mount a thermogenic response, exhibited the greatest reduction in O2 consumption rate and increased O2 uptake not by increasing ventilation like the rat, but by extracting ≤80% of the O2 from each breath. Facultative heterotherms (mice and hamsters) exhibited responses in between these two extreme phenotypes. We conclude that even as newborns, homeotherms and heterotherms diverge in how they match O2 supply and O2 demand when progressively cooled in hypoxia, with responses reflecting the degree of heterothermic expression, in addition to reported hypoxia and cold tolerance.