Effects of hydrothermal aging, thermal cycling, and water storage on the mechanical properties of a machinable resin-based composite containing nano-zirconia fillers

Abstract

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrothermal aging, thermal cycling, and water storage on the mechanical properties of a machinable resin-based composite containing nano-zirconia fillers. Materials and methodsA machinable resin-based composite containing nano-zirconia fillers (Lava Ultimate, LU) and a resin-based composite with a similar resin matrix-to-filler ratio but without zirconia fillers (Tetric N-Ceram, TNC) were prepared into bars and assigned into four groups based on the type of aging treatment (hydrothermal aging, thermal cycling, water storage, or no aging). The phase transformations of the zirconia fillers in LU after aging were evaluated by X-ray diffraction. The flexural strength, Weibull modulus, flexural modulus, and Vickers hardness of each group were investigated. The fracture surface morphologies of both resin-based composites before and after aging were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ResultsOnly Tetragonal zirconia was detected in the LU samples. Both before and after aging, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Vickers hardness values of LU were significantly higher than those of TNC (p < 0.05) with the exception of the flexural modulus of LU, which showed no difference with that of TNC after water storage (p = 0.68). Hydrothermal aging, thermal cycling, and water storage had no significant effects on the surface Vickers hardnesses of LU or TNC (p > 0.05). Hydrothermal aging significantly improved the flexural strength of LU (p = 0.00). Thermal cycling (p = 0.00) and water storage (p = 0.00) significantly decreased the flexural strength of LU. The flexural strength of TNC was not decreased by hydrothermal aging (p = 0.82) or water storage (p = 0.36), while it was decreased by thermal cycling (p = 0.00). The hydrothermal aging group of LU exhibited the highest Weibull modulus. ConclusionsThe machinable resin-based composite containing nano-zirconia fillers provides superior flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Vickers hardness compared to the direct-filling resin-based composite with a similar resin matrix-to-filler ratio, although it fails to provide better aging resistance.