Abstract
<p class="Abstract">The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of <em>Borago officinalis</em> on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Morphine-dependent group received morphine for nine days and then received naloxone via intraperitoneal injection. Control group received saline for nine days. Post-treated group received <em>B. </em>officinalis extract intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg) on the day 10 before naloxone injection. Co-treated group received <em>B. </em>officinalis extract intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg) and morphine for nine days and then received naloxone. Extract-treated group received extract for nine days and then received naloxone. Naloxone injection significantly increased the frequency of jumping, blinking, ptosis, defecation, paw trembling, and two-legged standing in comparison to the control group. Co-treatment and post-treatment with <em>B. officinalis</em> extract significantly decreased the withdrawal symptoms. In conclusion, hydroalcoholic extract of <em>B. </em>officinalis significantly attenuated the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome.</p><p><strong>Video Clip</strong>:</p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/TCNzTxZeGjw">Part 1</a>: 8 min 11 sec </p>
Highlights
Withdrawal symptoms occur in substance-dependent people when the drug or its equivalent is not available for use
The frequency of jumping was significantly different between the control group and the group treated with B. officinalis extract alone (p
The frequency of blinking was significantly different between the control group and the group treated with B. officinalis extract alone (p
Summary
Withdrawal symptoms occur in substance-dependent people when the drug or its equivalent is not available for use. These symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramp (leg and abdominal muscle), sweating, rhinorrea or epiphora, involuntary muscle contraction or muscle twitching, and sometimes convulsion. The withdrawal symptoms last for 6-10 days. The severity of symptoms depends on the degree of dependence. Psychological dependence is the desire for drug use and the psychological symptoms of withdrawal takes much more time than physical dependence (Ferriola et al, 1989). The chemical compounds in some plants affect drug withdrawal through different cerebral systems, such as gabaergic and dopaminergic systems, and cause sedation and relief in substance-dependent people
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