Effects of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy on Resting Energy Expenditure in Adult HIV-Infected Women—A Matched, Prospective, Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported increased resting energy expenditure (REE) in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, limited data exist on REE in HIV-infected women and the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on REE in this population. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare REE in healthy controls to adult HIV-infected women classified in three groups: naïve to ART, on ART with virologic suppression, and on ART with an HIV-1 RNA level >5,000 copies/mL. DesignAfter a fast, body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and REE by indirect calorimetry were determined. Anthropometric measures were also taken. Statistical analysisDistributionally appropriate two-sample tests were used for between-group analyses and analysis of covariance was used for confounding adjustment. ResultsEighty-seven women were enrolled and the HIV-infected and control women were matched for age and body mass index. Log-transformed REE was significantly higher in HIV-infected women naïve to ART compared to controls (7.26±0.22 vs 7.14±0.19; P=0.04, respectively) and the difference remained significant after adjustment for body cell mass (P=0.008). Log-transformed REE was not different in HIV-infected women on ART compared to HIV-infected women naïve to ART (7.25±0.25 vs 7.26±0.23; P=0.81, respectively). Adjusting for body cell mass did not change the results (P=0.56). Similarly, REE was not different between women naïve to ART and those on ART with undetectable HIV-1 RNA, regardless of adjustment for body cell mass. REE correlated to current and nadir CD4 count and trended toward a negative correlation with HIV-1 RNA levels. ConclusionsWe showed that REE is elevated in ART-naïve, HIV-infected women and continues to be elevated when on ART, regardless of virologic suppression, compared to age and body mass index−matched healthy women. This suggests an effect of HIV infection itself and not ART on REE in these HIV-infected women, and should be considered during nutrition assessment and counseling of HIV-infected adult women.