Abstract
Many hydrogel-based crosslinking membranes have been designed and tailored to meet the needs of different applications. The aim of this research is to design a bifunctional hydrogel membrane with antibacterial and osteoconducting properties to guide different tissues. The membrane uses gelatin and hyaluronic acid as the main structure, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride as the crosslinker, hinokitiol as the antibacterial agent, and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) micron particles for osteoconduction. Results show that the hydrogel membrane with added DCPA and impregnated hinokitiol has a fixation index higher than 88%. When only a small amount of DCPA is added, the tensile strength does not decrease significantly. The tensile strength decreases considerably when a large amount of modified DCPA is added. The stress–strain curve shows that the presence of a large amount of hinokitiol in hydrogel membranes results in considerably improved deformation and toughness properties. Each group impregnated with hinokitiol exhibits obvious antibacterial capabilities. Furthermore, the addition of DCPA and impregnation with hinokitiol does not exert cytotoxicity on cells in vitro, indicating that the designed amount of DCPA and hinokitiol in this study is appropriate. After a 14-day cell culture, the hydrogel membrane still maintains a good shape because the cells adhere and proliferate well, thus delaying degradation. In addition, the hydrogel containing a small amount of DCPA has the best cell mineralization effect. The developed hydrogel has a certain degree of flexibility, degradability, and bifunctionality and is superficial. It can be used in guided tissue regeneration in clinical surgery.
Highlights
The network structure of gelatin and hyaluronic acid is mainly crosslinked by ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)
The crosslinking of hyaluronic acid and EDC occurs through the initial formation of O-acylisourea on the polysaccharide, which reacts with adjacent carboxyl groups to form intermolecular crosslinks [22,23] (Figure 1a)
Once hinokitiol is distributed in the hydrogel membrane, its hydrophobicity tends to cap the surface of hyaluronic acid instead of gelatin, and it interacts with Ca2+ at the same time, thereby reducing the network structure of the ion–dipole physical bond between Ca2+ and gelatin (Figure 1c)
Summary
In periodontal restoration based on the concept of tissue regeneration, how to achieve regenerative membrane versatility has elicited extensive attention from many researchers [1,2,3,4]. Extant research mainly used different types of composite materials and adjusted different molecular structures or components to develop periodontal regeneration membranes for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) surgery. Previous studies have used various strategies to meet the main requirements of absorbable regeneration membranes, such as durable mechanical properties, a sufficient degradation rate, and appropriate antibacterial properties that can still retain biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Different crosslinking technologies are utilized in order to improve the mechanical and degradation
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