Abstract
Background: Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are common food contaminants produced by Fusarium sp. Mycotoxins are a potential health hazard because of their toxicological effects on both humans and farmed animals. Methods: We analyzed three groups of pigs: a control group (fed a standard diet), and the DON and ZEN groups, fed a diet containing 8 mg/kg DON and 0.8 mg/kg ZEN respectively, for four weeks. Results: DON and ZEN exposure decreased body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), food conversion rate (FCR), and the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM. The total antioxidant levels significantly decreased in serum and increased in urine samples of both treatment groups. Additionally, DON and ZEN exposure increased serotonin levels in urine. Hematological parameters were not affected by the investigated toxins. Microscopic lesions were evident in sections of kidneys from either treatment group: we found sporadic interstitial nephritis in the DON group and renal glomerulus atrophy in the ZEN group. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine marker genes were reduced in tissues from DON- and ZEN-exposed pigs. Conclusions: chronic ingestion of high doses of DON and ZEN alters the immune response and causes organs damage, and might be associated with various diseases in pigs.
Highlights
Fusarium species are widespread molds that produce different trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN)
After pigs were fed the experimental or control diets for four weeks, we examined the effect of DON and ZEN exposure on the immune response of the pigs
We found that the average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) were negatively affected by DON exposure
Summary
Fusarium species are widespread molds that produce different trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). They are frequently co-occurring and Toxins 2018, 10, 114; doi:10.3390/toxins10030114 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins. Toxins 2018, 10, 114 contaminate cereal-related foods, so Fusarium has the potential to adversely affect both human and animal health [1,2]. Pigs are regarded as the most susceptible species to these toxins, and contamination with Fusarium causes economic loss, mainly due to a decrease in food intake (and consequent body weight [BW]) and fertility, caused by DON and ZEN, respectively [3]. Results: DON and ZEN exposure decreased body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), food conversion rate (FCR), and the serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM. Microscopic lesions were evident in sections of kidneys from either treatment group: we found sporadic interstitial nephritis in the DON group and renal glomerulus atrophy in the ZEN group
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