Abstract
Background Single-modality, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using traditional cardiorespiratory exercise selection has been found to provide similar and sometimes superior cardiometabolic effects compared with moderate-intensity continuous training. However, little is known regarding the cardiometabolic and psychosocial effects of HIIT using resistance training modalities. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of HIIT using rowing (R-HIIT) and multimodal HIIT (MM-HIIT) using resistance training on liver enzymes, cardiometabolic risk factors, and psychosocial outcomes. Method Recreationally active females with a body mass index <30 kg/m2 (N = 16, 23.0 ± 5.9 years) were randomized into a MM-HIIT or R-HIIT group and completed a 12-week HIIT intervention (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03093441) using principles of social cognitive theory (SCT). Participants completed pre- and postintervention measurements on anthropometrics, resting heart rate, blood pressure, blood measures (lipids, liver enzymes, and glucose), exercise self-efficacy, and perceived wellness. Analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in postintervention measures between groups after controlling for baseline values, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Results R-HIIT group had significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (mean difference = 13.16, P=0.013, effect size (ES) = 0.44, confidence interval (CI) = 3.40 to 22.92) and aspartate aminotransferase (mean difference = 10.79, P=0.024, ES = 0.38, CI = 1.67 to 19.90) levels compared with the M-HIIT group, and the whole group had improved wellness scores (14.72 ± 2.6 to 16.89 ± 2.76, P=0.002). Conclusion R-HIIT may be an effective preventative method for improving liver health in females without obesity. When using principles of SCT, HIIT may enhance overall well-being.
Highlights
Cardiometabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, currently affect 23% and 13.2% of the US adult population, respectively, and the prevalence estimates increase with age [1]. ese conditions are closely linked to lifestyle factors, such as exercise, and lead to increased mortality rates, especially when cardiometabolic multimorbidity is present [2]. ese trends highlight the need for early prevention efforts in young adults
Since the liver plays an important role in the development of cardiometabolic disease, as a paramount location for glucose metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation, more novel risk factors include liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [3]. ese enzymes are markers of liver damage linked to excessive hepatic fat accumulation and are used as surrogate markers for detecting nonalcoholic Journal of Sports Medicine fatty liver disease [4]
Can reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure, resting heart rate (RHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and C reactive protein and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), with greater effects in older compared with younger adults [7]
Summary
Cardiometabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, currently affect 23% and 13.2% of the US adult population, respectively, and the prevalence estimates increase with age [1]. ese conditions are closely linked to lifestyle factors, such as exercise, and lead to increased mortality rates, especially when cardiometabolic multimorbidity is present [2]. ese trends highlight the need for early prevention efforts in young adults.Traditional risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases include blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose, and abdominal adiposity [1]. Exercise using high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been found to be an effective means of reducing cardiometabolic risk, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting glucose, in populations that are overweight or obese, but few studies have investigated these effects in normal weight populations [6]. Can reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, mean arterial pressure, resting heart rate (RHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and C reactive protein and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), with greater effects in older compared with younger adults [7]. Single-modality, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using traditional cardiorespiratory exercise selection has been found to provide similar and sometimes superior cardiometabolic effects compared with moderate-intensity continuous training. Little is known regarding the cardiometabolic and psychosocial effects of HIIT using resistance training modalities
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