Abstract
To gain insight on the effects of a high-grain diet with buffering agent on liver metabolism and the changes of plasma biochemical parameters and amino acids in hepatic vein and portal vein, commercial kit and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied to determine the concentration of amino acids of hepatic vein and portal vein blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR and comparative proteomic approach was employed to investigate proteins differentially expressed in liver in lactating dairy goats feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent or only high-grain diet. Results showed that feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent to lactating dairy goats could outstanding increase amino acid content of Gln (p < 0.01), and the amino acid contents of Arg and Tyr in BG were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in HG. After adding the buffering agent, the metabolism of amino acids in the liver were changed and most of the amino acids were increasingly synthesized and decreasingly consumed in the liver. In addition, 46 differentially expressed protein spots (≥1.5-fold changed) were detected in buffering group vs. control group using 2-DE technique and MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomics analyzer. Of these, 24 proteins showed increased expression and 22 proteins showed decreased expression in the buffer group vs. control group. Data on Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis reveals that the high-grain diet with buffering agent alter the expression of proteins related to amino acids metabolism and glycometabolism. In addition, the results conclude that feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent can strengthen anti-oxidant capacity, stress ability, slow down urea metabolism, and alter amino acid metabolism as well as glycometabolism in the liver through different detection methods including proteomic analysis, real-time PCR analysis and biochemical analysis.
Highlights
Due to degradation of grasslands coupled with shortage of greens fodders, per capita arable land has tremendously reduced and has left no option than to feed poor quality roughage
The activities of ALT, AST, and LDH in hepatic vein plasma were decreased compared with BG, and these enzymes were associated with liver injury
It can be found that the consumption of glucose and total protein were reduced, and the synthesis of those were increased in buffering agent group by comparing the hepatic vein with portal vein plasma (Table 5)
Summary
Due to degradation of grasslands coupled with shortage of greens fodders, per capita arable land has tremendously reduced and has left no option than to feed poor quality roughage. Due to reduction of per capita arable land, the degradation of grasslands, and shortage of green fodder resources and poor quality, the current feeding practices in the dairy industry improving feed quality by feeding high-grain diets. Many studies have confirmed that feeding of Buffering Agent on the Hepatic Metabolism straw as main roughage with numerous high-grain diets improves the performance of ruminants but it can lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (Hook et al, 2011; Dong et al, 2013). In order to maintain ruminal pH in lactating dairy goats, buffering agent was added to the high-grain diets. The effects of highgrain diets with buffering agent on liver function in ruminants are not well understood
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