Abstract
PurposeThe study reports on the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from waste papers (WPNCC), as an environmental friendly approach of source material and investigation of their effects on the morphological, mechanical and barrier properties of the Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Cationic starch (HPMC/CS) nanocomposites.MethodsThe HCl hydrolysis followed by alkali treatment and deinking of the fibers resulted in the production of WPNCC. Also, the HPMC/CS nanocomposites were produced by solvent casting method.ResultsThe TEM results confirmed the rod like shape of WPNCC; the average diameter was 22 ± 7 nm and the length was 125 ± 25 nm. The hydrolysis yield was 65% with high crystallinity index of 79.6%. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the successfully production of WPNCC and their effective presence in the HPMC/CS matrix. The homogeneity of WPNCC dispersion in the polymer matrix was approved by FESEM analysis. The WPNCC also did not affect the nanocomposites optical clarity.ConclusionThe optimum amount of 9 wt% WPNCC, showed the highest barrier, mechanical and biodegradablility properties. It can prove that these nanocomposites can be considered as a new biomaterial for application in food packaging and conservation.Graphical Abstract
Highlights
Environmental impacts have reached a critical stage, causing serious consequences to the natural environment all over the world
Comparing the results of this research with the others [36] (54.6%), who provided the NCC from recycled newsprint shows a slight improvement. This has been showed that substances with inferior qualifications have the potential to be applied in producing NCC and their hydrolysis yield is comparable to the ones that are provided by Wang et al, who applied a bleached Kraft eucalyptus pulp and got to 58.7% [37]
The results published by Karim et al, showed that the crystallinity provided with sulfuric acid treatment is not as high as HCl, because HCl is a weaker acid with lower Ka value, which dissociated in water sparingly [38]
Summary
Environmental impacts have reached a critical stage, causing serious consequences to the natural environment all over the world. Huge amount of waste paper which comes from office plays an important role in damaging the ecology of the earth It is usually underutilized and achieves to burning or slow biodegradation [3]. As is known to all, waste paper is rich in cellulose with small amounts of hemicellulose If it would be effectively utilized, high value utilization could be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been reported on the effects of Waste Papers nanocrystalline cellulose (WPNCC) particles on the properties of HPMC/CS nanocomposites. The present study was aimed to investigate the production of NCC nanoparticles from waste papers by HCl hydrolysis for the first time and the dispersion of these nanoparticles with different percentages in the first time blended HPMC/CS matrix and their effects on the nanocomposites morphology, mechanical and barrier properties
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