Effects of Glyphosate and Its Metabolite AMPA on Aquatic Organisms

Nikola Tresnakova,Alzbeta Stara,Josef Velisek

doi:10.3390/app11199004

Abstract

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) was developed in the early 1970s and at present is used as a herbicide to kill broadleaf weeds and grass. The widely occurring degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is a result of glyphosate and amino-polyphosphonate degradation. The massive use of the parent compound leads to the ubiquity of AMPA in the environment, and particularly in water. Considering this, it can be assumed that glyphosate and its major metabolites could pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms. This review summarizes current knowledge about residual glyphosate and its major metabolite AMPA in the aquatic environment, including its status and toxic effects in aquatic organisms, mainly fish. Based on the above, we identify major gaps in the current knowledge and some directions for future research knowledge about the effects of worldwide use of herbicide glyphosate and its major metabolite AMPA. The toxic effect of glyphosate and its major metabolite AMPA has mainly influenced growth, early development, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, haematological, and biochemical plasma indices and also caused histopathological changes in aquatic organisms.

Highlights

This herbicide is unique for its ability to transform itself to the major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)
AMPA is known as a phytotoxin, which can amplify the indirect effects of glyphosate on physiological processes
There is a large amount of information about the benefits, environmental fate, effects, and risks of using glyphosate throughout the scientific literature

Summary

Introduction

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Use of this popular get organisms, including mammals, exposure limits of glyphosate were set relatively herbicide increased dramatically due to genetically modified crops As far as is known, several studies and reports about the occurrence and toxic effects of different types of pesticides are available in the literature; their global extent and spatial extent of exposure remain largely unknown [2,33] Considering this information, we decided to write a review to summarise the toxic effects of the often used herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA on aquatic organisms. The exact amount depends on the type of area where the Roundup is applied [39]

Environmental Fate

Acute Toxicity

Toxic Effects

Invertebrate Species

Findings

Conclusions