Effects of Gender and Age on Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index in Hypertensive Patients: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination.

Jiyoung Kim,Oksoo Kim,Hyunju Dan

doi:10.3390/ijerph17124482

Abstract

Controlling weight and dietary intake are important for hypertensive patients to manage their blood pressure. However, the interaction effect of gender and age on weight and dietary intake is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the main and interaction effects of age and gender on body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake in hypertensive patients. We analyzed data from 4287 participants with hypertension (1600 participants 45–64 years old and 2687 participants 65 years or older) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to examine the main and interaction effects of age and gender on BMI and dietary intake. Gender and age had significant main effects on BMI, intake of energy, cholesterol, sodium, and potassium. However, both gender and age illustrated interaction effects on BMI (F = 8.398, p = 0.004), energy intake (F = 12.882, p < 0.001), and cholesterol intake (F = 6.107, p = 0.014), while not showing any significant interaction effects on sodium (F = 3.547, p = 0.060) and potassium (F = 3.396, p = 0.066). Compared to the middle-aged group, BMI, energy intake, and cholesterol intake decreased in the older-aged group. However, the declines were steeper in men than in women. Therefore, both gender and age need to be considered for weight and dietary intake management for hypertensive patients.

Highlights

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke
Compared to the middle-aged group, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, and cholesterol intake decreased in the older-aged group
Compared to the middle-aged group, cholesterol intake decreased in the older-aged group

Summary

Introduction

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with CVD mortality and premature vascular death [1,2,3]. The prevalence of hypertension in Korea in 2016 was 35.0% for men and 22.9% for women [4]. The overall prevalence of hypertension among US adults was 32.9%. The management and treatment of hypertension among middle-aged and older-aged people are essential, as hypertension increases in frequency and risk of mortality with age [3]. Gender, energy and nutrient intake, blood lipids, and high body mass index (BMI) have been reported to be associated with hypertension prevalence [6,7,8]. High blood lipids levels result in atherosclerosis of the blood vessels, leading to hypertension or exacerbation of hypertension [9]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion