Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling of Different Duration on Viscoelastic and Electromyographic Properties of the Knee in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury.

Antonino Casabona,Maria Pia Onesta,Matteo Cioni,Luca Laudani,Maria Stella Valle,Claudio Dominante

doi:10.3390/brainsci11010007

Abstract

The benefits of functional electrical stimulation during cycling (FES-cycling) have been ascertained following spinal cord injury. The instrumented pendulum test was applied to chronic paraplegic patients to investigate the effects of FES-cycling of different duration (20-min vs. 40-min) on biomechanical and electromyographic characterization of knee mobility. Seven adults with post-traumatic paraplegia attended two FES-cycling sessions, a 20-min and a 40-min one, in a random order. Knee angular excursion, stiffness and viscosity were measured using the pendulum test before and after each session. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. FES-cycling led to reduced excursion (p < 0.001) and increased stiffness (p = 0.005) of the knee, which was more evident after the 20-min than 40-min session. Noteworthy, biomechanical changes were associated with an increase of muscle activity and changes in latency of muscle activity only for 20-min, with anticipated response times for RF (p < 0.001) and delayed responses for BF (p = 0.033). These results indicate that significant functional changes in knee mobility can be achieved by FES-cycling for 20 min, as evaluated by the pendulum test in patients with chronic paraplegia. The observed muscle behaviour suggests modulatory effects of exercise on spinal network aimed to partially restore automatic neuronal processes.

Highlights

Introduction in published maps and institutionalThe spinal cord is a central vector of neural signals that connects the body to the brain.Complete spinal cord transection leads to interruption of these signals, with irreversible and permanent impairment of sensory and motor functions
In the post exercise period, the angular excursions decreased while the EMG activity increased in both rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles
Responses shorter for the RF muscle and longer for the BF compared to baseline measures before the exercise

Summary

Introduction

The spinal cord is a central vector of neural signals that connects the body to the brain. Complete spinal cord transection leads to interruption of these signals, with irreversible and permanent impairment of sensory and motor functions. When the lesion is located below the first thoracic vertebra it causes paraplegia, i.e., a paralysis of the lower limbs. The evolution of spinal damage is characterized by an early spinal shock characterized by flaccidity and either reduced or completely suppressed spinal reflexes, followed by a hypertonic phase with spasticity and exaggerated reflexes produced by the lack of suprasegmental motor control [1]. In the chronic phase following complete spinal cord injury (SCI), patients with paraplegia develop serious degenerative consequences on the musculoskeletal system, involving bones, muscles, and ligaments [2,3].

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