Effects of forest degradation on Amazonian ferns in a land‐bridge island system as revealed by non‐specialist inventories

Gabriela Zuquim,Rafael Tonon,Carlos A Peres,Maíra Benchimol,Danielle Storck‐Tonon

doi:10.1002/2688-8319.12123

Abstract

Abstract Tropical forests have been rapidly deforested and degradation worldwide has outpaced biodiversity field sampling. No study to date has assessed the effects of insular habitats induced by hydroelectric dams on Amazonian understory plants. Fern community responses to anthropogenic effects on tropical forest islands can be revealed at a faster pace by using simple and cheap, yet informative, protocols that could be applied by non‐specialists. This study seeks to both understand the drivers of fern and lycophytes assemblages on forest islands and investigate the relative costs and effectiveness of a simplified sampling protocol that can be applied by non‐specialists. Fern species were sampled by a non‐specialist who photographed all ferns and lycophytes within seventeen 0.25‐ha plots on 10 forest islands at the lake of Balbina Hydroelectric dam, central Amazonia. Sampling was carried out opportunistically during a field expedition planned to conduct tree inventories. As predictors, we used locally measured or GIS‐derived descriptors of plot and landscape conditions. We used multivariate and linear models to further assess the influence of predictors on patterns of species richness and composition of ferns assemblages. A total of 286 photographed individual ferns or lycophytes represented at least 23 species and 14 genera. The average number of taxa per plot was 6.1 in the islands and 14.3 in the mainland. The species pool found on islands was a nested subset of the mainland fern community. Species richness was positively related to island size and negatively related to isolation and fire severity. Area, isolation and fire severity also significantly explained variation in community composition. The relative cost of the picture‐based fern protocol applied was very modest (only 4% of the total expedition budget), even compared to the typically low cost of alternative field campaigns. We conclude that fern community structure in this forest archipelago was primarily driven by island size, isolation and fire disturbance. Moreover, we show that a simple sampling protocol carried out by a non‐specialist can lead to inexpensive and highly reliable ecological data. This opens an avenue for crowdsourcing ecological fern data collections using a citizen science approach.

Highlights

Tropical forests have been rapidly deforested and degraded worldwide, with more than one-quarter of global forest loss driven by agricultural activities, mining or energy infrastructure (Curtis et al, 2018)
Since the publication of MarArthur and Wilson’s book in 1967 revealing the revolutionary Theory of Island Biogeography (TBI), area and isolation metrics became widely used by ecologists to evaluate their effects on patterns of species richness within forest fragments of the real world
When all variables were included in the Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) models, isolation was the strongest predictor of species richness considering modelaveraging estimates (Figure 3a)

Summary

Introduction

Tropical forests have been rapidly deforested and degraded worldwide, with more than one-quarter of global forest loss driven by agricultural activities, mining or energy infrastructure (Curtis et al, 2018). Since the publication of MarArthur and Wilson’s book in 1967 revealing the revolutionary Theory of Island Biogeography (TBI), area and isolation metrics became widely used by ecologists to evaluate their effects on patterns of species richness within forest fragments of the real world (i.e., embedded within human-modified forest landscapes [Laurance, 2008]). Several limitations of TBI have been shown, most studies conducted in hydroelectric reservoirs revealed a powerful area and/or isolation effects on the richness of a wide range of biological groups (Benchimol & Peres, 2021; StorckTonon & Peres, 2017; Yu et al, 2012). Landscape predictors and habitat quality revealed to be good predictors of species richness and have been widely used by ecologists to scrutinize the diversity patterns in fragmented forest landscapes

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Results

Conclusion